HDFS Commands Guide

Overview

All HDFS commands are invoked by the bin/hdfs script. Running the hdfs script without any arguments prints the description for all commands.

Usage: hdfs [SHELL_OPTIONS] COMMAND [GENERIC_OPTIONS] [COMMAND_OPTIONS]

Hadoop has an option parsing framework that employs parsing generic options as well as running classes.

COMMAND_OPTIONS Description
--config
--loglevel 		The common set of shell options. These are documented on the Commands Manual page.
GENERIC_OPTIONS The common set of options supported by multiple commands. See the Hadoop Commands Manual for more information.
COMMAND COMMAND_OPTIONS Various commands with their options are described in the following sections. The commands have been grouped into User Commands and Administration Commands.

User Commands

Commands useful for users of a hadoop cluster.

classpath

Usage: hdfs classpath [--glob |--jar <path> |-h |--help]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
--glob expand wildcards
--jar path write classpath as manifest in jar named path
-h, --help print help

Prints the class path needed to get the Hadoop jar and the required libraries. If called without arguments, then prints the classpath set up by the command scripts, which is likely to contain wildcards in the classpath entries. Additional options print the classpath after wildcard expansion or write the classpath into the manifest of a jar file. The latter is useful in environments where wildcards cannot be used and the expanded classpath exceeds the maximum supported command line length.

dfs

Usage: hdfs dfs [COMMAND [COMMAND_OPTIONS]]

Run a filesystem command on the file system supported in Hadoop. The various COMMAND_OPTIONS can be found at File System Shell Guide.

fetchdt

Usage: hdfs fetchdt <opts> <token_file_path>

COMMAND_OPTION Description
--webservice NN_Url Url to contact NN on (starts with http or https)
--renewer name Name of the delegation token renewer
--cancel Cancel the delegation token
--renew Renew the delegation token. Delegation token must have been fetched using the –renewer name option.
--print Print the delegation token
token_file_path File path to store the token into.

Gets Delegation Token from a NameNode. See fetchdt for more info.

fsck

Usage:

   hdfs fsck <path>
          [-list-corruptfileblocks |
          [-move | -delete | -openforwrite]
          [-files [-blocks [-locations | -racks | -replicaDetails | -upgradedomains]]]
          [-includeSnapshots]
          [-storagepolicies] [-blockId <blk_Id>]
COMMAND_OPTION Description
path Start checking from this path.
-delete Delete corrupted files.
-files Print out files being checked.
-files -blocks Print out the block report
-files -blocks -locations Print out locations for every block.
-files -blocks -racks Print out network topology for data-node locations.
-files -blocks -replicaDetails Print out each replica details.
-files -blocks -upgradedomains Print out upgrade domains for every block.
-includeSnapshots Include snapshot data if the given path indicates a snapshottable directory or there are snapshottable directories under it.
-list-corruptfileblocks Print out list of missing blocks and files they belong to.
-move Move corrupted files to /lost+found.
-openforwrite Print out files opened for write.
-storagepolicies Print out storage policy summary for the blocks.
-blockId Print out information about the block.

Runs the HDFS filesystem checking utility. See fsck for more info.

getconf

Usage:

   hdfs getconf -namenodes
   hdfs getconf -secondaryNameNodes
   hdfs getconf -backupNodes
   hdfs getconf -includeFile
   hdfs getconf -excludeFile
   hdfs getconf -nnRpcAddresses
   hdfs getconf -confKey [key]
COMMAND_OPTION Description
-namenodes gets list of namenodes in the cluster.
-secondaryNameNodes gets list of secondary namenodes in the cluster.
-backupNodes gets list of backup nodes in the cluster.
-includeFile gets the include file path that defines the datanodes that can join the cluster.
-excludeFile gets the exclude file path that defines the datanodes that need to decommissioned.
-nnRpcAddresses gets the namenode rpc addresses
-confKey [key] gets a specific key from the configuration

Gets configuration information from the configuration directory, post-processing.

groups

Usage: hdfs groups [username ...]

Returns the group information given one or more usernames.

lsSnapshottableDir

Usage: hdfs lsSnapshottableDir [-help]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-help print help

Get the list of snapshottable directories. When this is run as a super user, it returns all snapshottable directories. Otherwise it returns those directories that are owned by the current user.

jmxget

Usage: hdfs jmxget [-localVM ConnectorURL | -port port | -server mbeanserver | -service service]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-help print help
-localVM ConnectorURL connect to the VM on the same machine
-port mbean server port specify mbean server port, if missing it will try to connect to MBean Server in the same VM
-service specify jmx service, either DataNode or NameNode, the default

Dump JMX information from a service.

oev

Usage: hdfs oev [OPTIONS] -i INPUT_FILE -o OUTPUT_FILE

Required command line arguments:

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-i,--inputFile arg edits file to process, xml (case insensitive) extension means XML format, any other filename means binary format
-o,--outputFile arg Name of output file. If the specified file exists, it will be overwritten, format of the file is determined by -p option

Optional command line arguments:

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-f,--fix-txids Renumber the transaction IDs in the input, so that there are no gaps or invalid transaction IDs.
-h,--help Display usage information and exit
-r,--ecover When reading binary edit logs, use recovery mode. This will give you the chance to skip corrupt parts of the edit log.
-p,--processor arg Select which type of processor to apply against image file, currently supported processors are: binary (native binary format that Hadoop uses), xml (default, XML format), stats (prints statistics about edits file)
-v,--verbose More verbose output, prints the input and output filenames, for processors that write to a file, also output to screen. On large image files this will dramatically increase processing time (default is false).

Hadoop offline edits viewer.

oiv

Usage: hdfs oiv [OPTIONS] -i INPUT_FILE

Required command line arguments:

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-i,--inputFile arg edits file to process, xml (case insensitive) extension means XML format, any other filename means binary format

Optional command line arguments:

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-h,--help Display usage information and exit
-o,--outputFile arg Name of output file. If the specified file exists, it will be overwritten, format of the file is determined by -p option
-p,--processor arg Select which type of processor to apply against image file, currently supported processors are: binary (native binary format that Hadoop uses), xml (default, XML format), stats (prints statistics about edits file)

Hadoop Offline Image Viewer for newer image files.

oiv_legacy

Usage: hdfs oiv_legacy [OPTIONS] -i INPUT_FILE -o OUTPUT_FILE

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-h,--help Display usage information and exit
-i,--inputFile arg edits file to process, xml (case insensitive) extension means XML format, any other filename means binary format
-o,--outputFile arg Name of output file. If the specified file exists, it will be overwritten, format of the file is determined by -p option

Hadoop offline image viewer for older versions of Hadoop.

snapshotDiff

Usage: hdfs snapshotDiff <path> <fromSnapshot> <toSnapshot>

Determine the difference between HDFS snapshots. See the HDFS Snapshot Documentation for more information.

version

Usage: hdfs version

Prints the version.

Administration Commands

Commands useful for administrators of a hadoop cluster.

balancer

Usage:

    hdfs balancer
          [-threshold <threshold>]
          [-policy <policy>]
          [-exclude [-f <hosts-file> | <comma-separated list of hosts>]]
          [-include [-f <hosts-file> | <comma-separated list of hosts>]]
          [-source [-f <hosts-file> | <comma-separated list of hosts>]]
          [-blockpools <comma-separated list of blockpool ids>]
          [-idleiterations <idleiterations>]
COMMAND_OPTION Description
-policy <policy> datanode (default): Cluster is balanced if each datanode is balanced.
blockpool: Cluster is balanced if each block pool in each datanode is balanced.
-threshold <threshold> Percentage of disk capacity. This overwrites the default threshold.
-exclude -f <hosts-file> | <comma-separated list of hosts> Excludes the specified datanodes from being balanced by the balancer.
-include -f <hosts-file> | <comma-separated list of hosts> Includes only the specified datanodes to be balanced by the balancer.
-source -f <hosts-file> | <comma-separated list of hosts> Pick only the specified datanodes as source nodes.
-blockpools <comma-separated list of blockpool ids> The balancer will only run on blockpools included in this list.
-idleiterations <iterations> Maximum number of idle iterations before exit. This overwrites the default idleiterations(5).

Runs a cluster balancing utility. An administrator can simply press Ctrl-C to stop the rebalancing process. See Balancer for more details.

Note that the blockpool policy is more strict than the datanode policy.

Besides the above command options, a pinning feature is introduced starting from 2.7.0 to prevent certain replicas from getting moved by balancer/mover. This pinning feature is disabled by default, and can be enabled by configuration property “dfs.datanode.block-pinning.enabled”. When enabled, this feature only affects blocks that are written to favored nodes specified in the create() call. This feature is useful when we want to maintain the data locality, for applications such as HBase regionserver.

cacheadmin

Usage: hdfs cacheadmin -addDirective -path <path> -pool <pool-name> [-force] [-replication <replication>] [-ttl <time-to-live>]

See the HDFS Cache Administration Documentation for more information.

crypto

Usage:

  hdfs crypto -createZone -keyName <keyName> -path <path>
  hdfs crypto -listZones
  hdfs crypto -provisionTrash -path <path>
  hdfs crypto -help <command-name>

See the HDFS Transparent Encryption Documentation for more information.

datanode

Usage: hdfs datanode [-regular | -rollback | -rollingupgrade rollback]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-regular Normal datanode startup (default).
-rollback Rollback the datanode to the previous version. This should be used after stopping the datanode and distributing the old hadoop version.
-rollingupgrade rollback Rollback a rolling upgrade operation.

Runs a HDFS datanode.

dfsadmin

Usage:

    hdfs dfsadmin [GENERIC_OPTIONS]
          [-report [-live] [-dead] [-decommissioning]]
          [-safemode enter | leave | get | wait | forceExit]
          [-saveNamespace]
          [-rollEdits]
          [-restoreFailedStorage true |false |check]
          [-refreshNodes]
          [-setQuota <quota> <dirname>...<dirname>]
          [-clrQuota <dirname>...<dirname>]
          [-setSpaceQuota <quota> [-storageType <storagetype>] <dirname>...<dirname>]
          [-clrSpaceQuota [-storageType <storagetype>] <dirname>...<dirname>]
          [-finalizeUpgrade]
          [-rollingUpgrade [<query> |<prepare> |<finalize>]]
          [-metasave filename]
          [-refreshServiceAcl]
          [-refreshUserToGroupsMappings]
          [-refreshSuperUserGroupsConfiguration]
          [-refreshCallQueue]
          [-refresh <host:ipc_port> <key> [arg1..argn]]
          [-reconfig <datanode |...> <host:ipc_port> <start |status>]
          [-printTopology]
          [-refreshNamenodes datanodehost:port]
          [-deleteBlockPool datanode-host:port blockpoolId [force]]
          [-setBalancerBandwidth <bandwidth in bytes per second>]
          [-getBalancerBandwidth <datanode_host:ipc_port>]
          [-allowSnapshot <snapshotDir>]
          [-disallowSnapshot <snapshotDir>]
          [-fetchImage <local directory>]
          [-shutdownDatanode <datanode_host:ipc_port> [upgrade]]
          [-getDatanodeInfo <datanode_host:ipc_port>]
          [-evictWriters <datanode_host:ipc_port>]
          [-triggerBlockReport [-incremental] <datanode_host:ipc_port>]
          [-listOpenFiles]
          [-help [cmd]]
COMMAND_OPTION Description
-report [-live] [-dead] [-decommissioning] Reports basic filesystem information and statistics, The dfs usage can be different from “du” usage, because it measures raw space used by replication, checksums, snapshots and etc. on all the DNs. Optional flags may be used to filter the list of displayed DataNodes.
-safemode enter|leave|get|wait|forceExit Safe mode maintenance command. Safe mode is a Namenode state in which it
1. does not accept changes to the name space (read-only)
2. does not replicate or delete blocks.
Safe mode is entered automatically at Namenode startup, and leaves safe mode automatically when the configured minimum percentage of blocks satisfies the minimum replication condition. If Namenode detects any anomaly then it will linger in safe mode till that issue is resolved. If that anomaly is the consequence of a deliberate action, then administrator can use -safemode forceExit to exit safe mode. The cases where forceExit may be required are
1. Namenode metadata is not consistent. If Namenode detects that metadata has been modified out of band and can cause data loss, then Namenode will enter forceExit state. At that point user can either restart Namenode with correct metadata files or forceExit (if data loss is acceptable).
2. Rollback causes metadata to be replaced and rarely it can trigger safe mode forceExit state in Namenode. In that case you may proceed by issuing -safemode forceExit.
Safe mode can also be entered manually, but then it can only be turned off manually as well.
-saveNamespace Save current namespace into storage directories and reset edits log. Requires safe mode.
-rollEdits Rolls the edit log on the active NameNode.
-restoreFailedStorage true|false|check This option will turn on/off automatic attempt to restore failed storage replicas. If a failed storage becomes available again the system will attempt to restore edits and/or fsimage during checkpoint. ‘check’ option will return current setting.
-refreshNodes Re-read the hosts and exclude files to update the set of Datanodes that are allowed to connect to the Namenode and those that should be decommissioned or recommissioned.
-setQuota <quota> <dirname>…<dirname> See HDFS Quotas Guide for the detail.
-clrQuota <dirname>…<dirname> See HDFS Quotas Guide for the detail.
-setSpaceQuota <quota> [-storageType <storagetype>] <dirname>…<dirname> See HDFS Quotas Guide for the detail.
-clrSpaceQuota [-storageType <storagetype>] <dirname>…<dirname> See HDFS Quotas Guide for the detail.
-finalizeUpgrade Finalize upgrade of HDFS. Datanodes delete their previous version working directories, followed by Namenode doing the same. This completes the upgrade process.
-rollingUpgrade [<query>|<prepare>|<finalize>] See Rolling Upgrade document for the detail.
-metasave filename Save Namenode’s primary data structures to filename in the directory specified by hadoop.log.dir property. filename is overwritten if it exists. filename will contain one line for each of the following
1. Datanodes heart beating with Namenode
2. Blocks waiting to be replicated
3. Blocks currently being replicated
4. Blocks waiting to be deleted
-refreshServiceAcl Reload the service-level authorization policy file.
-refreshUserToGroupsMappings Refresh user-to-groups mappings.
-refreshSuperUserGroupsConfiguration Refresh superuser proxy groups mappings
-refreshCallQueue Reload the call queue from config.
-refresh <host:ipc_port> <key> [arg1..argn] Triggers a runtime-refresh of the resource specified by <key> on <host:ipc_port>. All other args after are sent to the host.
-reconfig <datanode |…> <host:ipc_port> <start|status> Start reconfiguration or get the status of an ongoing reconfiguration. The second parameter specifies the node type. Currently, only reloading DataNode’s configuration is supported.
-printTopology Print a tree of the racks and their nodes as reported by the Namenode
-refreshNamenodes datanodehost:port For the given datanode, reloads the configuration files, stops serving the removed block-pools and starts serving new block-pools.
-deleteBlockPool datanode-host:port blockpoolId [force] If force is passed, block pool directory for the given blockpool id on the given datanode is deleted along with its contents, otherwise the directory is deleted only if it is empty. The command will fail if datanode is still serving the block pool. Refer to refreshNamenodes to shutdown a block pool service on a datanode.
-setBalancerBandwidth <bandwidth in bytes per second> Changes the network bandwidth used by each datanode during HDFS block balancing. <bandwidth> is the maximum number of bytes per second that will be used by each datanode. This value overrides the dfs.balance.bandwidthPerSec parameter. NOTE: The new value is not persistent on the DataNode.
-getBalancerBandwidth <datanode_host:ipc_port> Get the network bandwidth(in bytes per second) for the given datanode. This is the maximum network bandwidth used by the datanode during HDFS block balancing.
-allowSnapshot <snapshotDir> Allowing snapshots of a directory to be created. If the operation completes successfully, the directory becomes snapshottable. See the HDFS Snapshot Documentation for more information.
-disallowSnapshot <snapshotDir> Disallowing snapshots of a directory to be created. All snapshots of the directory must be deleted before disallowing snapshots. See the HDFS Snapshot Documentation for more information.
-fetchImage <local directory> Downloads the most recent fsimage from the NameNode and saves it in the specified local directory.
-shutdownDatanode <datanode_host:ipc_port> [upgrade] Submit a shutdown request for the given datanode. See Rolling Upgrade document for the detail.
-evictWriters <datanode_host:ipc_port> Make the datanode evict all clients that are writing a block. This is useful if decommissioning is hung due to slow writers.
-getDatanodeInfo <datanode_host:ipc_port> Get the information about the given datanode. See Rolling Upgrade document for the detail.
-triggerBlockReport [-incremental] <datanode_host:ipc_port> Trigger a block report for the given datanode. If ‘incremental’ is specified, it will be otherwise, it will be a full block report.
-listOpenFiles List all open files currently managed by the NameNode along with client name and client machine accessing them.
-help [cmd] Displays help for the given command or all commands if none is specified.

Runs a HDFS dfsadmin client.

haadmin

Usage:

    hdfs haadmin -checkHealth <serviceId>
    hdfs haadmin -failover [--forcefence] [--forceactive] <serviceId> <serviceId>
    hdfs haadmin -getServiceState <serviceId>
    hdfs haadmin -getAllServiceState
    hdfs haadmin -help <command>
    hdfs haadmin -transitionToActive <serviceId> [--forceactive]
    hdfs haadmin -transitionToStandby <serviceId>
COMMAND_OPTION Description
-checkHealth check the health of the given NameNode
-failover initiate a failover between two NameNodes
-getServiceState determine whether the given NameNode is Active or Standby
-getAllServiceState returns the state of all the NameNodes
-transitionToActive transition the state of the given NameNode to Active (Warning: No fencing is done)
-transitionToStandby transition the state of the given NameNode to Standby (Warning: No fencing is done)

See HDFS HA with NFS or HDFS HA with QJM for more information on this command.

journalnode

Usage: hdfs journalnode

This comamnd starts a journalnode for use with HDFS HA with QJM.

mover

Usage: hdfs mover [-p <files/dirs> | -f <local file name>]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-f <local file> Specify a local file containing a list of HDFS files/dirs to migrate.
-p <files/dirs> Specify a space separated list of HDFS files/dirs to migrate.

Runs the data migration utility. See Mover for more details.

Note that, when both -p and -f options are omitted, the default path is the root directory.

In addition, a pinning feature is introduced starting from 2.7.0 to prevent certain replicas from getting moved by balancer/mover. This pinning feature is disabled by default, and can be enabled by configuration property “dfs.datanode.block-pinning.enabled”. When enabled, this feature only affects blocks that are written to favored nodes specified in the create() call. This feature is useful when we want to maintain the data locality, for applications such as HBase regionserver.

namenode

Usage:

  hdfs namenode [-backup] |
          [-checkpoint] |
          [-format [-clusterid cid ] [-force] [-nonInteractive] ] |
          [-upgrade [-clusterid cid] [-renameReserved<k-v pairs>] ] |
          [-upgradeOnly [-clusterid cid] [-renameReserved<k-v pairs>] ] |
          [-rollback] |
          [-rollingUpgrade <rollback |started> ] |
          [-finalize] |
          [-importCheckpoint] |
          [-initializeSharedEdits] |
          [-bootstrapStandby [-force] [-nonInteractive] [-skipSharedEditsCheck] ] |
          [-recover [-force] ] |
          [-metadataVersion ]
COMMAND_OPTION Description
-backup Start backup node.
-checkpoint Start checkpoint node.
-format [-clusterid cid] Formats the specified NameNode. It starts the NameNode, formats it and then shut it down. Will throw NameNodeFormatException if name dir already exist and if reformat is disabled for cluster.
-upgrade [-clusterid cid] [-renameReserved <k-v pairs>] Namenode should be started with upgrade option after the distribution of new Hadoop version.
-upgradeOnly [-clusterid cid] [-renameReserved <k-v pairs>] Upgrade the specified NameNode and then shutdown it.
-rollback Rollback the NameNode to the previous version. This should be used after stopping the cluster and distributing the old Hadoop version.
-rollingUpgrade <downgrade|rollback|started> See Rolling Upgrade document for the detail.
-finalize No longer supported. Use dfsadmin -finalizeUpgrade instead.
-importCheckpoint Loads image from a checkpoint directory and save it into the current one. Checkpoint dir is read from property dfs.namenode.checkpoint.dir
-initializeSharedEdits Format a new shared edits dir and copy in enough edit log segments so that the standby NameNode can start up.
-bootstrapStandby [-force] [-nonInteractive] [-skipSharedEditsCheck] Allows the standby NameNode’s storage directories to be bootstrapped by copying the latest namespace snapshot from the active NameNode. This is used when first configuring an HA cluster. The option -force or -nonInteractive has the same meaning as that described in namenode -format command. -skipSharedEditsCheck option skips edits check which ensures that we have enough edits already in the shared directory to start up from the last checkpoint on the active.
-recover [-force] Recover lost metadata on a corrupt filesystem. See HDFS User Guide for the detail.
-metadataVersion Verify that configured directories exist, then print the metadata versions of the software and the image.

Runs the namenode. More info about the upgrade, rollback and finalize is at Upgrade Rollback.

nfs3

Usage: hdfs nfs3

This comamnd starts the NFS3 gateway for use with the HDFS NFS3 Service.

portmap

Usage: hdfs portmap

This comamnd starts the RPC portmap for use with the HDFS NFS3 Service.

secondarynamenode

Usage: hdfs secondarynamenode [-checkpoint [force]] | [-format] | [-geteditsize]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-checkpoint [force] Checkpoints the SecondaryNameNode if EditLog size >= fs.checkpoint.size. If force is used, checkpoint irrespective of EditLog size.
-format Format the local storage during startup.
-geteditsize Prints the number of uncheckpointed transactions on the NameNode.

Runs the HDFS secondary namenode. See Secondary Namenode for more info.

storagepolicies

Usage: hdfs storagepolicies

Lists out all storage policies. See the HDFS Storage Policy Documentation for more information.

zkfc

Usage: hdfs zkfc [-formatZK [-force] [-nonInteractive]]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-formatZK Format the Zookeeper instance. -force: formats the znode if the znode exists. -nonInteractive: formats the znode aborts if the znode exists, unless -force option is specified.
-h Display help

This comamnd starts a Zookeeper Failover Controller process for use with HDFS HA with QJM.

Debug Commands

Useful commands to help administrators debug HDFS issues. These commands are for advanced users only.

verifyMeta

Usage: hdfs debug verifyMeta -meta <metadata-file> [-block <block-file>]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-block block-file Optional parameter to specify the absolute path for the block file on the local file system of the data node.
-meta metadata-file Absolute path for the metadata file on the local file system of the data node.

Verify HDFS metadata and block files. If a block file is specified, we will verify that the checksums in the metadata file match the block file.

computeMeta

Usage: hdfs debug computeMeta -block <block-file> -out <output-metadata-file>

COMMAND_OPTION Description
-block block-file Absolute path for the block file on the local file system of the data node.
-out output-metadata-file Absolute path for the output metadata file to store the checksum computation result from the block file.

Compute HDFS metadata from block files. If a block file is specified, we will compute the checksums from the block file, and save it to the specified output metadata file.

NOTE: Use at your own risk! If the block file is corrupt and you overwrite it’s meta file, it will show up as ‘good’ in HDFS, but you can’t read the data. Only use as a last measure, and when you are 100% certain the block file is good.

recoverLease

Usage: hdfs debug recoverLease -path <path> [-retries <num-retries>]

COMMAND_OPTION Description
[-path path] HDFS path for which to recover the lease.
[-retries num-retries] Number of times the client will retry calling recoverLease. The default number of retries is 1.

Recover the lease on the specified path. The path must reside on an HDFS filesystem. The default number of retries is 1.